The Changing Composition of Workforce and Values Essay

The Changing Composition of Workforce and Values - Essay Example Technological inventions have over time become a daily affair. In as much as it is aimed at simplifying operations, it is not an easy task for employees trying to keep up with the pace as refresher courses come in handy so as to acquaint them with the technology nature of the workforce. Work in current times is thus based more on practical skills so as to handle the digital operations. Unlike in the past, there is more emphasize on team work in the current workforce making social skills essential. Again resulting from technological advances, the world has become a small place as business connecting the entire world can be carried out from a central time hence making work flexible and itinerant. This eventually results in a more time conscious setting as locations of both client and service providers do not matter. The workforce is flooded with more learned employees resulting from advancements in education unlike in the past. Due to increasing service demands, the workforce is a rather competitive with customer satisfaction being the priority of operations. Technological advances have over time led to a decrease in labor due to the digital migration of the workforce operations. consequently, unlike in the past when employees were guaranteed of life-long career opportunities as well as secure jobs, employees in the current workforce risk losing their jobs to technology. Competition, the rapid rise in meeting client, often demands lead to frequent changes and aligning operations to suit demands and beat the competition. Values at the workforce are those guiding ideologies that are vital in governing how operations are carried out. They help in guiding the company in making ultimate decisions for their business and knowing what is best for pushing up profits as well as maintaining solid clientele basis. They are a mere reflection of the workforce and an easy point out of the company profile (Glickman, 1982). A

Utos Ng Hari Essay Example for Free

Utos Ng Hari Essay â€Å"I was once a student.† I was 4 years old when I first entered kindergarten. I remember those times before going to school, my father would tell me to play and mingle with my classmates, be friendly, and not have fight with anyone. Then my mother would say that I should listen to our teacher so I can get stars and expect an award from her if I would do really well. Being a kid, I never questioned why I have to do all of those. I just thought that maybe, those were the best things I must do. Since then, I assumed that maybe that’s how simple the essence of life is to socialize, excel, and make my parents proud of me. As I get older, things get rough. These three are not that easy to achieve anymore. People are not homogenous creatures. We all have our own shades and contours that sometimes we cannot control the things how they we like them to be. I have found out that life is not easy. Biases, prejudices, and judgments are forming nimbus clouds in the atmosphere. I hate that look people give to me. You know the look they give to me after I just explained what I want to be and what I want to do. There are a lot of obstructions along the way. Some will humiliate me. Others even bury me with all those discriminations and seem to condemn me of a serious crime. I really believe that most of the issues I have with myself are there because of other people’s influences. I was not insecure before someone told me I was not worthy of something. When making major changes or big decisions in our lives, we tend to look to the opinions of others for guidance; and there’s nothing inherently wrong with that. Sometimes we need another viewpoint, and there are usually people in our lives whose opinions are really significant for us. Our culture is one in which people are accustomed to spending a great amount of time doing things to prove themselves to others– it’s present in everything from social media to how we choose to have fun, dress up, spend our weekends, and affiliate ourselves with others. This is a huge barrier to get over, but nobody should have the power to change how we feel about ourselves. The truth is that these people only know us as the people we have been up until now. We are the only ones capable of knowing what the next step should be in our lives. Sometimes people don’t know what’s best for us. There are so many people and so many opinions in the world; we’ll spend the rest of our lives in a state of sustained uncertainty if we don’t ground ourselves in what we know to be true. Now, I am no longer a student who just formally engages in learning and enrolls in a school or college; obey whatever the professors will tell her to do in order for her to get high grades but rather, I am a student who takes her baggage in distinct sizes: big or small with her, in her infinite faà §ade.

The Many Ways that Educational Technology Can Help Students Essay

The Many Ways that Educational Technology Can Help Students Abstract There are many ways that educational technology can help students develop literacy. First, reading programs, such as the Reading Computer-Assisted Tutoring Program can provide students with effective reading remediation, even when the schools cannot. Students can work with paraprofessional tutors and the Reading CAT, in order to receive necessary specialized instruction, which schools could not otherwise afford to provide. Second, educational technology is a powerful tool for motivating students to develop literacy. Students are able to actively construct their own learning, which has been proven to make learning more intrinsically motivating. Third, Electronic stimuli of sound text and visuals, and the wide variety of enjoyable literacy games, grab students’ attention and motivates them to read. There is also a wide variety of software that makes literacy easier and therefore motivational. Students can use talking books to follow along and listen to, at the some time that the books are read aloud. Also, students can use reading assistant programs, which alert students to mistakes they have made, by pronouncing misread words correctly. There is also computer software that can be used to assist in developing comprehension, vocabulary and writing. Fourth, educational technology can help remediate dyslexia through extended practice, which targets the phonological, and word decoding skills areas i n which students with dyslexia are most deficient. Lastly, English as Second Language Students can use educational technology to increase verbal interaction, and to develop phonetic reading, comprehension, vocabulary and writing skills. There are many w... ...1998). Turn on to Reading Through Technology. Library Talk, 11 (4), 16-18. Fawcett, A., Lynch, L., & Nicholson, R. (2000). Computer-Assisted Reading Intervention in a Secondary School: An Evaluation Study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 31 (4), 333-349. Green & Ybarra. (March, 2003). Using Technology to Help ESL/EFL Students Develop Language Skills. Retrieved on October 11, 2002, from: http://iteslk.org/Articles?ybarra-Technology.html Lafferty, I. (2002). Ready, Set, Read! Technology and Learning, 23 (2), 20-27. Lalas, J., & Wilson, T. (1993). Focus on Multicultural Schools: New Technologies for ESL Students. Media and Methods, 29 (4), 18-20. Quenneville, J., (2001). Tech Tools for Students with Learning Disabilities: Infusion into Inclusive Classrooms. Preventing School Failure, 45 (4), 167-170.

Family and Community Essay -- Brain Injuries Neurology Medical Essays

Family and Community The family will become experts in services for traumatic brain injuries(TBI); Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and Department of Rehabilitation regulations, while trying to adjust to a family member who has had a TBI. Many times this beloved family member had been hanging on the edge of death for unending hours, days, weeks, or even months. When they come out of the coma, they are not the same as they were. In most cases they are not able to do what they used to do, and their behavior may be dramatically changed. This will cause significant stress in the family structure; statistics show that 90% of families facing TBI are not able to stay together. The community involvement will also change dramatically for these individuals because many in the community will view them as having psychological impairments comparative to schizophrenia; such impairments are widely misunderstood and discriminated against in our communities (Loudon). Research has shown that the quality of life of individuals that live with TBI is significantly lower in many areas, such as marital comfort, close friends, parenting, understanding self, socializing, and work, than their nondisabled counterparts. Individuals experiencing a mild form of TBI seem to become hyperaware of and hyperreactive to the challenge introduced into their lives as a consequence of TBI. This recognition of contrast in quality of life issues before the injuries and after may provide rationale for their experience that the quality of life plummets after injury. This can be compared with other individuals with severe injuries who do not focus on the contrast between their "old" and "new" lives... ... Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury: comparison with other living in the community. Head Trauma Rebabil: 13(4):1-23 California Code of Regulations http://www.calregs.com April 28, 2005 Department of Rehabilitation, April 28, 2005 Retrieved May, 28 2005 http://www.rehab.cahwnet.gov/ TBI survivor D. Hildreth (personal communication April, 28. 2005) Johnson,Glen April 28, 2005 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SURVIVAL GUIDE. Retrieved May, 28 2005 www.tbiguide.com Making Headway,Inc. Loudon, Cheryl 1125 3rd St. Eureka, CA 95501(personal communication May, 2 2005 MAXIMUS Ticket to Work Retrieved April, 28 2005 1-866-968- 7842 (TDD 1-866-833-2967) website at www.yourtickettowork.com MAXIMUS Protection and Advocacy Systems - The Nation's Disability Rights Network (PAs/CAPs) May, 2 2005 http://www.yourtickettowork.com/res_advocacy

Identify three key characteristics of the marketing concpet Essay

The first characteristic is to target a certain part of the market in order to satisfy the majority of customers, by doing this Britvic had to figure out not only who had a need for their product, but also who was most likely to buy it, by finding out this type of information they would have to consider following factors such as, age, gender and other factors in order to determine how their products would fit into the customers lifestyle. The second characteristic would be identifying their customer’s needs and finding out what a customer would actually be looking for in Britvic’s products, by doing this Britvic would have to use customer focus groups, surveys/questionnaires and gather this information based on a common customers expectations of their products. Last but not least, according to marketing concept customers should be at the centre of all the organisations activities. Therefore all departments of Britvic are responsible for customer satisfaction and only in that way their goals can be achieved. Explain Britvic’s micro and macro environment Marco forces of marketing environment can affect all organisations operating in market. External marketing environment consists of six categories of forces: political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal (Dibb, 2012:76). Those forces are uncontrollable and often called PEST or PESTEL. Generally, businesses can prepare for the unexpected by using PESTEL analysis. For example a new legislation of television advertising of food and drink to children has led to the use of non – television campaigns i.e. sponsorship and celebrity endorsement like Wimbledon or British pantomimes play an important role in Britvic’s marketing strategy. Micro environment factors are factors close to a business that have a direct impact on.

Sir Marcus Laurence Oliphant essays

Sir Marcus Laurence Oliphant essays Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant, was the eldest of five sons, and was born in 1901 in Kent Town, near Adelaide, South Australia. His father was a civil servant and his mother was an artist. Oliphant was interested in a career in medicine or chemistry, and in 1919 started studying at the University of Adelaide. However, his physics teacher, Dr Roy Burdon, helped him discover the lovely feeling when there is a discovery in the field of physics, and Oliphant began studying Physics more closely. In 1925, Oliphant was further inspired in the field of physics after attending a lecture by Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. An expert in the field of nuclear physics, Rutherford had made discoveries about radioactivity and the atomic nucleus. In 1927 Oliphant gained the opportunity to live his dream of becoming a physicist. He won an '1851 Exhibitioner' scholarship that allowed him to study under the supervision of Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University in England. Oliphant made his most significant works in science during his stay at the Cavendish Laboratory. He researched nuclear physics, and worked on the artificial disintegration of the atomic nucleus, and positive ions. During this period many discoveries were made at the Cavendish Laboratory, and the field of nuclear physics was rapidly expanding. Rutherford later asked Oliphant to work with him to further investigate Cockcroft and Walton's work. During this time, Oliphant discovered new types of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) and helium (helium 3). He also designed and built particle accelerators, the most famous of these was a positive ion accelerator. All this work paved the way for the creation of nuclear weapons. Sir John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton made the first major breakthrough in 1932 when they split the atom for the first time, using their revolutionary high-powered par ...

Harrison Keyes implementation plan concepts worksheet

Harrison Keyes implementation plan concepts worksheet Implementation Plan Concepts WorksheetConceptApplication of Concept in the ScenarioReference to Concept in ReadingProject management structuresIt is evident that there is a lack of project management structure at Harrison-Keyes. The project is plagued with inefficiencies and problems. The budget is out of line, pre set deadlines are not being met, authors are dissatisfied and threatening lawsuits due to the lack of anti-piracy strategy, the current e-commerce hardware/software is not compatible with the proposed selling strategy and projections, and bad publicity plagues the project.Many companies struggle when trying to balance developing/implementing new projects and continuing the day to day operations of the business. Harrison-Keyes is no exception, as its e-publishing initiative is being refined and implemented the company is faced with day to day operation struggles. People, time, and monetary resources are currently being shared by both the project and normal busing operations with no clear project structure guidelines.Project management structures represent the major approaches to organizing projects (Gray Lawson, 2005).lawson"A good system appropriately balances the needs of both the parent organization and the project by defining the interface between the project and parent organization in terms of authority, allocation of resources, and eventual integration of project outcomes into mainstream operations" (Gray Lawson, 2005, p. 55).Defining project scope"As fundamental and essential as scope definition appears, it is frequently overlooked by project leaders of well-managed, large corporations" (Gray Lawson, 2005, p. 100). Harrison-Keyes' poorly defined scope currently appears to be a barrier to its potential e-publishing project success. Harrison Keyes's project scope seems to lack how completion of the e-book formatting, prevention of piracy, and start of web sales will be tied together."Defining the project scope sets the stage for developing a p roject plan. Project scope isa definition of the end result or mission of your...

The Night essays

The Night essays The Night by Elie Weisel is a non fiction auto-biography. His special qualification for writing this is that he lived through it. He has won the Nobel Peace Prize, and he has written Dawn, The Accident, and The Town Beyond the Wall. He won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in improving the living conditions and promoting the understanding and acceptance of Jews around the world. I am not sure if this is a recent publication or a classic, but it was copyrighted in 1960. The book is organized in chronological order, it starts at the beginning of the war and when he is leaving for the concentration camp, and it ends when he is leaving the camp and is saved. The authors topic is the Holocaust. His main ideas are the events that occurred in his life during that year. He tells the happenings of someone living through the Holocaust as a Jew in a concentration camp. He starts the book by giving a quick overview of his childhood. He tells of the important people in his life, and he says the tips he got about what was to come that he had ignored. His siblings were ...There were four of us children: Hilda, the eldest; then Bea; I was the third, and the only son; the baby of the family was Tzipora... He had not gotten along so well with his father during his childhood. Someone he knew, named Moshe the Beadle, was the first one from his community who got a taste of the war. He came back to tell everyone about it and to warn them, but they ignored him. ... Jews, listen to me. Its all I ask of you. I dont want money or pity. Only listen to me.... he would cry out. Not even Eliezer believed him though. He would listen to be polite, and to give him a chance, but it didnt seem realistic to him. They finally realized their mistake when Eliezers father got the news of deportation. ... I have terrible news, he said at last, Deporta...

Parental Communication Initiative as An Answer to Most of the Social Essay - 1

Parental Communication Initiative as An Answer to Most of the Social Issues - Essay Example Talking about such topics should not be made hard especially when parents open up the communication lines with teenage offspring. If parents can talk to these teens, maybe the 2008 statistics where18% of who commits abortion is teenagers would have been lower (Jones, et al, 5). Presently, efforts are being made and 82% of parents are already taking time talking to their children about sex and sexuality according to the Planned Parenthood website. This may be the factor which can decrease the number of teenage pregnancies over the years. Numbers will not go down instantly though there will be changes. Same goes for those teens with different forms of vices and abusive habits which can affect not just the physical aspect but also the mental and social aspects of life. Parents should be the guide to the children especially those on the teenage years where a lot of changes do happen not just physically but almost the totality of a teenager’s personality. This is not to blame parents for the mistakes of the youth, yet this may awaken parents of what can be done for the improvement of humanity. Parents should also set an example to these teens on how to properly lead their lives. Sometimes children see parents having vices. When they reach their teenage years and more independence is experienced and practiced, these teenagers may have the perception that these vices are allowed and can be done which should not be the case. Something needs to be done to break the chain and improve the lives of those teenagers who will be future leaders. Things can still be changed and parents can still make it a point to talk to teenage kids every now and then. Teenagers have the tendencies though of being hard headed.

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example Another function of the corporate governance to ensure the imposition of Islamic values and principles to the daily lives and the corporate activities of the people. Another undertaking of corporate governance is to ensure that there is a challenge to the Islamic social justice concepts. At the same time, to encourage the Muslims to live their lives according the Quran and attract the blessing of God. As such, this chapter will explore the concept of corporate governance from the point of view of the Islamic world. The principle target of this section will be an examination of whether or not the Islamic laws supplement the concepts of corporate governance. In the event that the work shall identify a relationship between the two concepts, the work will measure the extent to which they supplement each other. Therefore, the work will examine the level to which the Saudi Arabian Kingdom takes advantage of the laws to the corporate activities. There is a need to consider that the Saudi legislators consider Islamic legislation as the first and the national law of the Kingdom. Another consideration is the fact that the Muslim world perceives the Sharia laws as the most vital inclusion of all laws. There varied sources of the Sharia laws that exist within the Saudi jurisprudence. All Muslims across the world consider the Quran and Sunna as the most fundamental of such sources. There are other sources as well, but the two commonly used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are Ijma and Qiyas. Additionally the sources of Islamic legal matters mentioned are the cornerstone of support and proof of the principles of corporate governance from the perspectives of Islam. The sources of the same law are among the most relevant material for the sustainability of policy aspects of corporate governance from the views of Islam as well as the development of a corporate governance ideal. Additionally, the laws mentioned are the reference points of the laws that apply in the

The Russian revolution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Russian revolution - Coursework Example n such a perspective, the provincial government initially enjoyed massive public support but the failure to work on the land reforms, the people’s greatest popular demand, and their reign diminished as workers and peasants believed only the soviets would provide solutions to their problems (570). The Russian revolution has significant impact on the people and the region. There was significant physical damage in addition to the numerous deaths that resulted from the revolution. For the survivors, post trauma stress disorder remains eminent up to date. The end of the war coincided with the rise of a deadly influenza pandemic, which spread majorly because of the wartime traffic in both land and sea. Under the leadership of Bolshevik and the support of the common people, the soviets attacked the provincial government leading to the cease of the wall as the Americans made an intervention into the war. Other than the American intervention after the end of the war, appropriate measures were put in place in ensuring that any recurrence was not possible. Considering the occurrences of the Russian Revolution, it is evidently clear that the revolution fits the model of political revolutions. First, most political revolutions involve different emerging forces that scramble for power control. In the current state, Petrograd soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Disputes and the provincial government are emerging forces. Additionally, like in most political revolutions, there is the signing of the treaty as a means of cease-fire. The same happens in the Russian Revolution as America’s intervention results in the

Internationa human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internationa human rights - Essay Example dom for one to manifest his or her beliefs or religion is subjected to various limitations clearly defined by the law and is significant in a society that is democratic in the safety of the interests of the public. This paper hence seeks to critically assess the interests that are at stake and how the court has balanced this interest in dealing with the cases concerning the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief (Berns, 1976). The article 9 of the Europe Council of Human Rights has been evaluated and applied in several of court cases within Europe. The law of Europe has hence moved to recognize categories of belief or religion and handled or treated them as almost one category with religion or belief having not merely a vacuous but a wide interpretation. This has seen the court balancing the interests of both the public and the state. In Kokkinaski vs Greece (1994) 17 EHRR 397, paragraph 31, the freedom of conscience, thought and religion makes one of the things considered the foundation of the society that is democratic in the meaning of convention. In balancing such interest of the community, the court stated that it is the dimension of the religion, one of the most significant elements that make up the conception of life and the believers’ identity; nevertheless, it matters to atheists and the skeptics (Morgan, 1972). In another court effort to balance the interest of the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief, the court passed judgment in the case of Manoussakis vs Greece (1996), EHRR 387, paragraph 47 that the freedom of religion that is guaranteed in the Convention does not include any discretion on the side of the state to decide on whether the religion or the manner of expressing such religious belief is legitimate or not. Belief in the light of the court is more than just feelings that are deeply held or opinions. But there must be firmly held philosophical or spiritual convictions with identifiable content that is practically formal.

BX Enviro Legislation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BX Enviro Legislation - Research Paper Example This act required, mandated that projects that were put forward as proposals by the different government federal agencies were to include statements relating to the projects’ environmental impacts. Apart from this, the law spurred the creation of an office within the Office of the President devoted to the environment, called the Presidential Council on Environment (MNN Holdings).   This office would later be called the Council on Environmental Quality or CEQ (CEQ). The law also broke ground for stipulating in a formal fashion the policies and goals of the federal government relating to the national environment. Where the law recognizes that every American has a stake and a responsibility for being a steward of the environment in each one’s personal capacity, the law also makes a point to include wording that essentially puts the brunt of caring for the environment in the hands of the US federal government.. The idea is that legislation and new programs and projects sh ould be considered for their environmental impacts just as much as for their technical and their financial suitability and viability, and the law puts this principle as a matter of compliance with the law (MNN Holdings; CEQ). a priority concern when considering projects and activities tied to the economy. The goal is the improvement of environmental health metrics which redound to better human health. The Act has been credited with reducing pollution emissions into the air by 41 percent during the first four decades,... The law prompted/spurred the starting of sixteen projects of reclamation precisely in that area targeted by Roosevelt in the southwest United States, for the purposes that he intended (Oracle). The overriding motivation was that the congestion in urban areas necessitated the location of alternative land where farming could take place, and the main technology for the reclamation and transformation of the dry lands in the southwest was irrigation. The bill came before the establishment of the Reclamation Service, later to be renamed as the Bureau of Reclamation, the government agency that was tasked with the work related to the bill (ccrh.org; Bureau of Reclamation). 2. Richard Nixon A. Legislation 1: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 This act required, mandated that projects that were put forward as proposals by the different government federal agencies were to include statements relating to the projects’ environmental impacts. Apart from this, the law spurred the creat ion of an office within the Office of the President devoted to the environment, called the Presidential Council on Environment (MNN Holdings). This office would later be called the Council on Environmental Quality or CEQ (CEQ). The law also broke ground for stipulating in a formal fashion the policies and goals of the federal government relating to the national environment. Where the law recognizes that every American has a stake and a responsibility for being a steward of the environment in each one’s personal capacity, the law also makes a point to include wording that essentially puts the brunt of caring for the environment in the hands of the US federal government.. The idea is that legislation and new programs and projects

Internationa human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internationa human rights - Essay Example dom for one to manifest his or her beliefs or religion is subjected to various limitations clearly defined by the law and is significant in a society that is democratic in the safety of the interests of the public. This paper hence seeks to critically assess the interests that are at stake and how the court has balanced this interest in dealing with the cases concerning the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief (Berns, 1976). The article 9 of the Europe Council of Human Rights has been evaluated and applied in several of court cases within Europe. The law of Europe has hence moved to recognize categories of belief or religion and handled or treated them as almost one category with religion or belief having not merely a vacuous but a wide interpretation. This has seen the court balancing the interests of both the public and the state. In Kokkinaski vs Greece (1994) 17 EHRR 397, paragraph 31, the freedom of conscience, thought and religion makes one of the things considered the foundation of the society that is democratic in the meaning of convention. In balancing such interest of the community, the court stated that it is the dimension of the religion, one of the most significant elements that make up the conception of life and the believers’ identity; nevertheless, it matters to atheists and the skeptics (Morgan, 1972). In another court effort to balance the interest of the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief, the court passed judgment in the case of Manoussakis vs Greece (1996), EHRR 387, paragraph 47 that the freedom of religion that is guaranteed in the Convention does not include any discretion on the side of the state to decide on whether the religion or the manner of expressing such religious belief is legitimate or not. Belief in the light of the court is more than just feelings that are deeply held or opinions. But there must be firmly held philosophical or spiritual convictions with identifiable content that is practically formal.

Love Brief case state v stark Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love Brief state v stark - Case Study Example Proceeding: The proceeding can be correctly categorized into multiple counts; for the first of these Stark was found to be guilty and hence charged to a total of one twenty months or ten years. As far as the second and third counts are concerned through a bench trail Stark was found guilty and then charged for a duration of ten years with an additional consecutive forty three months. Issue: There are certain area’s of concern as far as this case is concerned. The first line of argument is that of Starks intentions; more specifically that of his actions being solely carried out with the objective of causing bodily harm. Another issue is that of the courts specified sentence, which 120 months only for the first count. A question that rises here is whether the sole reason for this specified sentence was based purely on future dangerousness of Stark’s actions. Holding: The ruling of the case was based primarily on the specific dictations by law which holds an individual responsible for his actions, which are intended to do bodily harm to another person, making him guilty of second degree assault. Stark’s careless behavior and reckless actions that transmit or expose other individuals to HIV do just that. Reasoning: Stark’s conviction was based on the availability of evidence that can easily be concerned as sufficient to establish intent. Testimonies from the victims, Stark’s neighborhood friends as well as his doctor and nurse all pointed towards his consciously aware reckless behavior and intent to do harm. Stark clearly stated in one of reported conversation â€Å"I don’t care. If I’m going to die, everybody’s going to die† leaving no room for doubt of his intentions and hence making an appropriate court sentence inevitable. Prior to this case, other cases such as, Commonwealth v. Brown and State v. Haines can be analyzed to find that similar sentences were given for comparable crimes by

Separating 3 solids Essay Example for Free

Separating 3 solids Essay Procedure: * 5.4g. of Sand, 7.4g. of Copper Sulfate and 8.3g. of Iron Filings are mixed together with a spatula in a beaker. * A magnet is then produced and the small-grey Iron is extracted. * Filter Paper is used to filter out the damp Sand. * A clear-blue Copper Sulfate solution is obtained. * Copper Sulfate solution is poured into an crystallising basin. * Basin is left for a full week along with the damp Sand. * Copper Sulfate crystals are produced. D.C.P.: Weight Before (g) After Iron Filings 8.3 8.3 Sand 5.4 5.5 Copper Sulfate 7.4 7.3 Conclusion/Evaluation: Only slightly less of each material was obtained after the separation, leading to a relatively low level of loss and error. In order to simplify the separation of the Iron Filings, and solve the problem of small pieces of Iron staying attached to the Magnet, I decided to wrap the magnet with a thin layer of paper towel that could then slide off the magnet to release the Iron Filings and drastically decrease the chances of losing pieces of Iron. The Sand weighed more after rather than before because it still had some water in it, whilst the Copper Sulfate weighed slightly less because of loss in small fragments of Copper Sulfate crystals left in the crystallising basin both Copper Sulfate before and after were in the form of crystals and therefore contained water. One apparent problem is that we were unable to weigh the Copper Sulfate in the crystallising basin and therefore had to risk losing some Copper Sulfate because we wouldnt be able to scratch all of it off the basin, or we had to resort to losing a significant figure. A Weighing machine that could handle up to 2kg whilst at the same time not sacrificing accuracy could have easily solved this. Another slight problem would be that of our assumption on the amount of water present in the crystals of Copper Sulfate in regards to before and after the experiment, although there is very little that we could have done about it.

Hyundais Supply Chain Management

Hyundais Supply Chain Management 1.0 Introduction Supply chain management is concerned with the management of upstream and downstream interactions and activities between various entities/organizations in order to maximize the value creation to the benefit of the customer (Christopher, 2005). Globalisation has resulted in supply chains crossing international borders thus leading to greater exposure to disruptive risks. Hyundai Motors is an automaker with a strong global presence. Its supply chain entities, from manufacturing to retail, include external suppliers; plants manufacturing intermediate and/or finished products; distribution centers; demand zones; and transportation assets. Between 20th June and 6th August 2003, there was a major disruption in the companys ability to deliver passenger cars to its customers due to a labour strike at its biggest production plant. Although labour strikes are highly probable, the duration of this strike (47days) was highly unforeseen. The timing was also critical as the labour union targeted the strike to a time when domestic sales were expected to rise due to newly implemented excise-tax cuts for new car buyers by the Korean Government. The impact of the disruption was thus highly significant; a staggering $1.1billion in lost sales together with other unquantifiable losses, as a result of the inability of the supply network to remain completely resolute during the strike. 2.0 Literature Review Supply chain disruptions are the outcomes of the materialization of threats which results in a serious halt of the operations of one or more production or distribution entities and subsequently affects other entities/nodes within the supply. Handfield et al. (2008) suggest that the likelihood of disruption in: * Global sourcing supply networks; characterized by workforce instability, customs regulations, potential for terrorism, natural disasters, number of transfer points etc. * Supply networks with constrained dependencies; characterised by limitations on number of sources, uniqueness of sourced parts etc. Kleindorfer Saad (2005) classified sources of disruption risks into three groups: * Operational contingencies; such as equipment malfunction and systemic failure, loss of a supplier and human centred issues like labour strike and fraud. * Natural disasters; such as hurricanes, earthquakes and storms. * Terrorism and political instability. Sheffi (2005) suggests that in order to build resilience against disruption risks into a supply chain, each type of disruption should be anticipated and guarded against individually. Handfield et al. (2008) suggest two types of resilience: proactive e.g. flexibility, in which the supply chain is re-routed away from the anticipated source of the disruption; and reactive e.g. redundancy and responsiveness, in which supply chain resources are coordinated to respond to a supply chain disruption. 2.1 Global Operations (Hyundai Motor Company) As at 2003, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) was the seventh largest automobile manufacturer in the world in terms of volume. HMC had 3 manufacturing plants and 8 CKD assembly plants. Hyundais target markets were classified into 3 types: advanced; emerging; and developing markets. Table 1.1- Hyundais Global Operations Plant Type Location Regions Supplied Type of Markets Supplied Manufacturing Plants S. Korea Domestic North America Advanced China Domestic Australia Emerging India Domestic Emerging Assembly Plants Egypt Africa Developing Pakistan Middle East Developing Malaysia Asia Developing Russia Eastern Europe Emerging Taiwan Asia Developing Indonesia East Asia Developing Brazil South America Emerging Turkey Western Europe Middle East Advanced The company located manufacturing plants in the emerging markets such as China and India, in order to meet growing domestic demand as well as take advantage of relatively low labour costs in the countries. HMC however did not have any manufacturing plants in the advanced markets but relied on imports to meet demands in the zones. In order to compete with established automotive manufacturers in the advanced markets, especially the United States of America, HMC focussed its strategy on improving quality and maintaining low costs using TQM and supply chain strategies such as just in time and assembly postponement. HMC operated the largest integrated automobile plant in the world, the Ulsan plant located in South Korea, with an output of about 1.6 million units annually, in form of cars and Completely Knockdown (CKD) kits. The plant had a co-located privately owned port which made export convenient. In order to respond quickly to specific customer demands, at minimal costs, Hyundai practices JIT and holds limited finished goods inventory of not more than 7days, at its plants and distribution centre. Delivery lead time for export vehicles was 45days with shipping lead time of 30days (Hahn et al., 2000). 2.2 Hyundais European Supply Chain Importing passenger cars into European Union (EU) was relatively easy because as at 2003, the 15 members and 10 aspiring members of the EU shared import and export policies thus had no local content regulations on car imports. Turkey was chosen as a location of the CKD plant to supply Western Europe because of its low labour costs and surface transport links to Western European countries. The other CKD plant supplying European nations was located in Russia, a non EU member which probably had its own peculiar automotive import regulations. However due to domestic demand opportunities in Russia, its influence and available transportation links to other landlocked Eastern European countries; it was a good choice to locate a CKD plant. The Korean plants produced CKD kits which were exported to the Russian and Turkish assembly plants. This supply strategy meant freight charges and other logistics costs were reduced by: producing whole cars in form of parts and modules in Korea; shipping to CKD plants located in Europe, assembling based on customer demands in Europe and distributing assembled cars, mainly via surface transport, to the customers around Europe. However, the dependence on the Ulsan plant as the only plant capable of supplying passenger car CKD kits to the Turkish and Russian plants, which were responsible for supplying the European market, had a major risk inherent, as would be shown subsequently. 3.0 RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK 3.1 Theoretical Framework The possibility of disruption is a reality to every modern global supply network. Supply chain resilience should therefore involve more than simply recovering from disruptions but must be a proactive, systematic and integrated exploration of capabilities within the supply chain to cope with unforeseen events. The framework below uses this approach. The different parts of the resilience framework are consistent with supply chain resilience literature. For instance:  · The framework proposes the use of excess/ redundant resources as a reactive strategy to mitigate risks. Another recommendation is to improve the ability to detect disruptions and subsequently improve responsiveness through investment in visibility systems. Supply chain planning and collaboration would help to aid the robustness of the supply network. Finally, the framework proposes that the supply chain should be redesigned if the effect of the disruption is so enormous that it cannot be efficiently mitigated. * Continuous cycle of monitoring and reassessing disruption risks. 3.2 Mapping the Supply Chain Identifying Risks The map shows the paths through which materials move in the supply network as well as major risks at various critical nodes. The identified risks are grouped in Table 3.1. The most probable disruption risk is selected at each node and its potential primary effect on the supply chain is determined. TABLE 3.1- Hyundais European Supply Chains Risk Assessment NODES RISK TYPES DISRUPTION RISKS MOST PROBABLE/ DISRUPTIVE EVENTS PRIMARY EFFECTS Korean Plants Operational Labour disputes; Pilferage; Quality issues; Parts damage, Loss of critical suppliers; Labour Strikes; Loss of critical supplier  · Disruption of supply of cars to domestic and export markets(mainly US)  · Failure to supply CKD kits to European plants Natural disasters Typhoons; Terrorism/ Political Devaluation of the Korean currency (Won); Terrorist attacks Ulsan Port Operational Labour disputes; Dispatch errors; Parts damage; Pilferage; Typhoons ; Dispatch errors  · Port Closure: Disruption in ability to ship finished cars and CKD kits Natural disasters Typhoons Terrorism/ Political Terrorist attacks Turkey CKD Plant Operational Labour dispute; Turkish port closure Earthquakes; Terrorist attacks  · Disruption of plants operations.  · Disruption of transportation links to Western European markets( a high demand zone) Natural disasters Earthquakes Terrorism/ Political Changes in governments import export policies; Terrorist attacks Russia CKD Plant Operational Labour dispute, Turkish port closure; Natural disaster; Political instability  · Disruption plants operations  · Disruption of assembled cars exports to Eastern European markets Natural disasters Earthquakes; Floods; Tornadoes Terrorism/ Political Changes in Russian governments import export policies; Terrorist attacks; Eastern Europes political instability European Union Countries Operational Fluctuating demand; Transport links disruptions Fluctuating demand  · Sales disruption Natural disasters Earthquakes; Floods; Tornadoes; Hurricanes; Terrorism/ Political Changes in European Unions import export policies; Terrorist attacks; Grouping the disruptive events into the vulnerability matrix shown below would help to prioritize resilience strategies to the high severity disruptions. However the low severity events are not entirely ignored. For instance, dispatch errors at the Ulsan port are operational risks can be managed by actions such as introducing RFID while political instability can be managed through maintenance of good relationships with Government. Steps for making supply networks resilient against high severity disruptions * Identify nodes with high impact disruptive risks * Identify probability of occurrence of the disruption * Select degree of flexibility: Higher degrees of flexibility would be required for high probability risks, while lower degrees of flexibility would be required for low probability risks. 4.0 Hyundais European Supply Networks Resilience 4.1 Hyundais Resilience of the Labour Strike Disruption Redundancy: Excess resources were used reactively by Hyundai to maintain operations while the disruption lasted and also to subsequently recover. Speed of recovery: As shown in figure 4.2, Hyundais monthly sales grew speedily within 1-3 months after the disruption ended. The following inferences/ assumptions are made about how this was achieved: * Hyundais redundant production capacity at its plants aided the speed of recovery. The plants must have used production ramp up strategies to increase output. * Logistics of the CKD kits away from the plants was enhanced by the co-located shipping port. It is assumed that some CKD kits were flown by air to the CKD plants. * Management at Ulsan plant had visibility and control over the entire supply network. This aided the co-ordination of expedited international logistics of the cars to the customers. Although excess resources proved to be a useful resilience strategy, it can be quite expensive. Moreover, as observed, the extent of the disruption was difficult to predict and eventually resulted in complete depletion of some inventories. On the other hand, appropriate levels of redundancy combined with appropriate levels of supply chain flexibility is believed to enable organizations to not only cope with unanticipated events but also improves normal operations efficiency while providing oppourtunity to utilize disruptions to gain competitive advantage ( Sheffi Rice, 2005;Fawcett et al., 1996; and Skipper Hanna, 2009). Hyundais European supply network however lacked the required flexibility because of dependence on the Korean plants for CKD kits. A major supply chain redesign (as suggested by the framework), is thus required to mitigate impact and/ or ensure business continuity in the event of occurrence of these types of high severity disruptions. 4.2 Avoidance/ Reactive Strategies business continuity (for the high impact/high probability disruptions) 4.2.1 Labour strike in Korea To cope with a future occurrence of this, Hyundai needs to reduce dependence of the Turkish and Russian CKD plants on the Ulsan plants by increasing the manufacturing flexibility of the CKD kits. The India plant was the only plant not affected by the labour disruption. This was attributed to its minimal dependence on any supplies from Korea. It can thus be easily made an alternative manufacturer of European CKD kits. Also, Hyundai may adopt outsourcing complete components design and manufacture to suppliers. This would eliminate the need for manufacturing plants to supply the 4.2.2 Loss of a critical supplier at Ulsan Plant 4.2.3 Natural Disasters or Terrorism at Assembly Plants Regions Two common risks across both CKD nodes of Hyundais supply network are: natural disasters; and terrorism. These are low probability external threats thus redesigning to avoid them may be costly and eventually unjustified. Rather, the supply chain needs to be made reactively resilient against them. This can be achieved by designing a robust supply network. To cope with effect of any of these disruptions to any of the CKD plants redundant capabilities would be required. For instance the Russian plant should have the capability of assembling passenger car models made in the Turkish plant. However for economic reasons, this capability should lie redundant until actual occurrence of the disruption risk. However Russias exclusion from EU countries may make it difficult for it to supply the Western European markets (all EU countries) because of trade regulations. Thus another plant located in the EU may be required to supply Western Europe if there is a disruption at Turkey. However this plant would not use redundant capability but should constantly supply both Eastern and Western Europe. As at June 2008, the EU country with the lowest VAT was Czech Republic. Assuming this was the case in January, 2004, when it joined the EU, this would make Czech a good location for the alternative manufacturing or CKD plant. DEMAND FLUCTUATION AT EU DISTRIBUTION CENTERS The distribution of the passenger cars across Europe can be made flexible across both European zones Table 4.1- Proposals Evaluations Resilience Strategy Requirements Proposals Implications Manufacturing flexibility Parts Standardisation Capacity increases Manufacture CKD in India Relatively lower transportation costs; Increased manufacturing costs Manufacture CKD in a low wage European Union country Much lower transportation costs; Increased manufacturing costs; Long term investment in new facility. Modularization Capable suppliers Outsource components design and manufacture Significant cost reduction; Increased efficiency of JIT; technical difficulties THE ROBUST SUPPLY CHAIN Combining the manufacturing, assembly and distribution nodes would give the new supply chain design shown below. Testing the New Supply Chain Scenario Manufacturing Assembly [Effect] Distribution Labour strike at Korean plant [closure of Korean plant] Ramp up manufacturing at Indian plant [strain on Indian plants resources to supply both Turkey and Russia CKDs] Turkish and Russian plants operate as usual [little or no impact] EU distributions operate as usual [little or no impact] Earthquake at Turkey [closure of Turkish CKD plant] Indian and Korean plants operate as usual, but supply all CKD kits to Russian CKD plants Ramp up assembly operations at Russian CKD [Strain on Russian plants resources to Supply passenger cars to Western European countries] EU distribution operates as normal [little or no impact] Sudden demand growth in France with simultaneous drop in Portuguese demand Indian and Korean plants operate as usual Turkish and Russian plants operate as usual [little or no impact] Portuguese distribution center re- routes supply to French retailers. SOURCES OF COPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The robustness of manufacturing, assembly and distribution would help * The supply chain match demand more responsively. This would lead to reduction in inventory holdings * Flexibility to customize to customer requirements is enhanced. 5.0 Recommendations (Business Continuity) Hyundai should develop contingency plans for each of the identified risks. The major flexibility and redundant resources available in the supply network would need to be coordinated for the supply chain to remain resilient in the event of a major disruption. Also the supply chain proposed is for short term implementation. To build resilience in the long term Hyundai would need to build a facility in the EU and depending on demand

Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccinis Daughter Essay -- Rappaccini

Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccini's Daughter    Who will redeem man from his evil tendencies and his fallen state?   Nathaniel Hawthorne in "Rappaccini's Daughter" delves into the nature of man and reveals that the evil imaginations and machinations of man may eventually lead to his ruin. "Rappaccini's Daughter" is a story set in the mid-nineteenth century in Padua, Italy, a country well known for its romantic stories and history. This period in time was marked by various scientific discoveries, especially in medicine. This boom led to extensive debates on science and religion. There was the argument of whether or not to let things happen naturally or to interfere with the processes of nature. It begins with a student, Giovanni Guasconti, who comes to the University of Padua to "pursue his studies" (Hawthorne 45) but falls in love with Beatrice, the daughter of a very famous botanist Dr. Rappaccini who cultivates a poisonous garden. Despite the fact that Giovanni Guasconti had "but a scanty supply of gold ducats in his pocket, he took lodgings in a high and gloomy chamber... [fit] to have been the palace of a Paduan noble" (Hawthorne 45). This been "the first time he was out of his native sphere,... [Giovanni] was unused to Padua and missed Naples and the cheerful sun shine of Southern Italy" (Hawthorne 46).   Giovanni portrays the generation in search of knowledge. "Beneath his window [was] a garden [consisting] of a variety of plants which seemed to have been cultivated with exceeding care" (Hawthorne 46). Strategically located in the center of the garden was "the ruin of a marble fountain...[whose] water continued to gush and sparkle into the sunbeams as cheerful as ever" (Hawthorne 46) just as "[Beatrice's] sp... ...   "The myth of the Garden: Nathaniel Hawthorne's 'Rappaccini's Daughter'".   Studies in the Literary Imagination II, 1969,   (pp. 3-12) Evans, Oliver   "Allegory and Incest in 'Rappaccini's Daughter'" 19th Century Fiction" Vol. 19, 1964, (pp. 185-195) Genesis   " The Bible" Hawthorne, Nathaniel "The House of Seven Gables" (1851) http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/sg10.html September 1998, (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel   "The Marble Faun" (1859-60) http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/mf19.html September 1998   (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel   "Rappaccini's Daughter" "American Short Stories" (1820 to the present). Jones, Madison   "Short Story Criticism" Vol. 3 1989 (pp. 191-193) Kloeckner, Alfred   "The flower and the Fountain: Hawthorne's chief symbols in 'Rappaccini's Daughter'" "American Literature" Vol. 38, 1966-67 (pp323 -331)  

How National Income is Determined :: Employment Finances Economy Economics Essays

How National Income is Determined Question 1/2 - Describe how national income is determined. Include a description of equilibrium, using income and expenditure, and leakages and injections. How much wages people get and their spending determine national income. The above circular flow shows that although wages are being spent in the households the money still works its way back to the firms. The leakages in the circular flow are the money is the money that households are paying back into firms and services from wages they are paid. The savings are the money people save in their banks, taxes are the tax that people pay in their wages weekly, monthly or fortnightly and imports are items that the people have bought from companies. The injections in the circular flow is the money that has been put into firms and services. the investments are the money firms and the government have invested into companies, the government spending is the money the government spend on firms and services and exports are the money the firms and companies spend buying goods to sell. The money keeps on going round and round. The equilibrium is when the leakages and injections are the same. i.e. if the leakages =  £23500, the injections will =  £23500. The equilibrium is where they meet. Question 3 - Explain the concept of the multiplier with regard to National Income using a worded example. According to the Keynes a rise in the injection to the circular flow will cause the incomes and employment to increase by more than the increase in investment. The equilibrium at start -: If there is an increase in investments of  £20m. The effect of this will be to raise incomes by the same, the people who receive this increase will spend some and save some. If 3 quarters are spend and 1 quarter is saved. this would mean  £15m is and is turned into income for other people, which leaves  £5m being saved. Incomes have increased by the original  £20m, but also by the  £15m due to people spending extra. The people who receive the extra income will spend 3 quarters and save 1 quarter and so it goes round and round. Incomes increase a little as follows: -  £20m + (3/4 x  £20m) + (3/4 x 3/4 x  £20m) + (3/4 x 3/4 x 3/4 x £20m)etc. . . . . . . The multiplier is denoted as k -: k = 1 = 4 1 - 3/4 Total extra income -: 4 x  £20m =  £80m Total extra savings -:  £20m The new equilibrium is -: Question 4 - What is meant by the term's aggregate demand and aggregate supply?

Personal Ethics Essay

Personal ethics comes from inside and are influenced by our everyday life and people around us. The directions we obtain as a child helps to form and begin our awareness of ethics. My upbringing memoirs and experiences instilled a well-built belief in family structure and significance of family in general. I was fortunate to be born and brought up in India in a traditional Roman Catholic family. My father was a doctor and he died of heart attack when I was ten years old. My mother was a registered nurse and I have three older brothers and one younger sister. My mother went to the Middle East to work as a nurse and had to leave us in a boarding school. I missed my mother a lot while I was in the boarding school. That was when I decided what I wanted to do. My only ambition was to become a nurse to be with my mother. I always used to watch my parents caring sick people. My parents constantly reminded me to live in Christian faith. They led us by example all the time, providing precious lessons vital to my development. My parents taught me to treat others as we would want them to treat us. I also learned from my parents that every person is important and we should love and respect them. I strive to live by those set of laws, though it is not always easy. My faith also influences my philosophy. I believe in God and God has a plan and purpose for every one of us. This is the basis of my ethical practices. Each individual cultivates different cultural, spiritual and personal values from their own life experiences which add to their worldview and philosophy of nursing in their practice. To me ethics is my own personal belief structure. Knowing our own personal values is critical to every person. My moral compass in nursing offers highest priority for the wellbeing of patients. My moral courage helps me to speak up, stand up for my personal belief and moral values and bring about change in my work place. The persona l and professional values, my relationship and behaviors to others and my morals help me succeed in my personal and professional life. Our conscience acts as a judge for each one of us. We are responsible for our actions. I believe that God is using me as a tool to care for the needy by providing me the knowledge and ability to promote healing. I also believe in the power of prayer. My patients used to tell me I am always smiling. I believe that it is the gift of God and being a nurse is, a calling not just a career. World view is a personal insight about meaning and reality. It helps the person to interprets, through his or her own eyes, a personal belief about the world. My personal worldview is shaped by my Christian religion, origin as an Indian, circumstances, experiences, and education and philosophy. I accept God as the center of the universe. I believe that I am a good mother for my three kids, faithful wife to my husband and an excellent nurse. I also believe in afterlife. I take pride in my profession. My nursing philosophy comes from my desire to care for others. I consider that nursing care is based on c oncrete evidence that is provided within a respectful framework. I always treat my patients the way I wanted to be treated if I am in that situation. Nurses are honored to interact with patients and families at some of the most vulnerable points in their lives. Being considerate of that vulnerability is important. Being respectful of my health care team is also important, as I consider that each of us play a fundamental role in the care of patients and families that we provide. I believe that God is using me as a tool to care for the needy by providing me the knowledge and ability to promote healing. It is essential for the nurses to understand their own selves so that they are able to take care of their patients better. I believe that spirituality plays an important role in the nursing profession. I think that the care of the soul is the beauty of the art of caring in nursing. The values such as integrity, responsibility, trust, reliability, and honesty are some of the personal values, which will determine how we face the world. Reliability and responsibility are very important to one’s professional and personal life. Culture is something that a person learns from his family and surroundings, and is not inbuilt in him from birth. My upbringing as a Christian in Southern part of India, active participation in church activities and catholic schooling have helped me to value human dignity and assist me to take right decision in my personal and professional life. Awareness of different rules about how their members coexist with each other and interact with each other. Some cultures believe that discussing death, making a living will can invite death to the person who is ill. Looking at the life in different ways should be respected always (Runzheimer & Larsen, 2011). Cultural diversity and differences in personal values can direct our relations with patients, family, and co-workers. Cultural competence is the ability to provide effective care for patients and families and our co- workers who come from different cultures. To understand different cultural beliefs and practices requires flexibility and a respect for others viewpoints . Ethical issues occur in everyday practices. An ethical dilemma is described as a type of situation that involves being in between two correct courses of action that leads the person to choose the right move and still be wrong at the same time (Purtillo, 2011). This can cause a lot of distress as it encompasses both ethical conflict and conduct. The ethical decision what we make should respect the patient and family desires, physician’s belief and concepts on life and death in our own view. Many situations arise in the critical care where nurses and doctors are obligated to make ethical decisions in a short period of time. Few years back I came across a situation in our ICU. A 90 year old woman from nursing home got admitted with history of multiple strokes with weakness on her right side, emphysema and difficulty in swallowing. She was demented also. Her admission diagnosis was aspiration pneumonia. She had two children and her son was the health care proxy who was living in C alifornia and he couldn’t come to visit her mother because of some personal situation. Patient’s daughter who was living locally was taking care of her. The daughter wanted to place the feeding tube and treat for every problem. We respected the daughter’s decision. We started her on antibiotics. We placed the feeding tube and and started feeding her. Day by day her respiratory status started deteriorating. The attending physician contacted the patient’s son over the phone and explained the patient’s condition in detail. Apparently, we found out from him that the patient had a living will that stated she did not want any feeding tube or even antibiotics in a situation where her quality of life was poor. Fortunately patient’s son came with her living will and our hospital ethics committee had a talk with her family especially the daughter. Because the patient’s wishes were clearly stated in the living will, she was made comfortable and transferred her to a private room to allow the family to be with her all the time and she died peacefully after one day. In this situation, the daughter wanted to treat her mother even though she knew about her wishes and she did not tell us anything about the patient’s living will. She was acting unrealistic in this situation. The decision was tough for the daughter in this situation. In my view the physician made the right choice to contact her son that put an end to her sufferings. Nurses can make satisfactory solutions to the different ethical problems through creative and knowledge based approach. Each nurse has the responsibility to optimize the caring response and reduce damage to the patient. .â€Å" Nurses are leaders and vigilant advocates for the delivery of dignified and humane care. Nurses actively participate in assessing and assuring the responsible and appropriate use of intervention in order to minimize unwarranted or unwanted treatment and patient suffering† (American Nurses Association, 2001). The significant impact we make in the lives of our patients and their families in their vulnerable situations and the positive encouragement I get from my nurse manager, co-workers, patients and families keeps me moving in my profession. References American Nurses Association (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.sfcc.edu/files/SFCC NursingStudentHandbook Purtilo, R., & Doherty, R. (2011). Ethical dimensions in the health professions. (5th ed.). P (5-10) St.Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. Role of the Registered professional nurse. June 8, 2005. Retrieved on June 6, 2012 from http://www.nysna.org/practice/positions/position6.htm Runzheimer, J., & Larsen, L. (2011). Medical ethics for dummies. (p. 113). NJ: WileyPublishing.

Diversity Considerations Essay

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of culture on attitudes, values, perception, human behavior, and interpersonal relations. The discriminatory factors that promote societal, political, socioeconomic, and spiritual oppression of culturally diverse populations will also be illustrated in this paper. The paper would further examine the racial and cultural diversity within non-native English-speaking communities. Moreover, this paper will also analyze how current research may positively impact the delivery of public safety and enhance the evaluation of information and resources. Lastly the chosen articles used for this paper will be evaluated on the basis of their reliability and credibility. Influence of culture on attitudes, values, perception, human behavior, and interpersonal relations The behavior, values, perceptions, and attitudes of different human beings are greatly influenced by their experience as well as their genetic inheritance. The ways in which different people are developed are formed by the social circumstances and experiences within the context of their innate genetic potentials. The question remains that how hereditary potential and experience serve their roles in developing the behavior, values, perceptions, and attitudes of a human being. All human beings are born into specific cultural and social settings and ultimately develop several social connections. The characteristics of a person’s cultural settings greatly influence the way they learn to behave and think, by means of example, punishments, rewards, and instructions. In addition, the culturally induced behavioral patterns, like forms of humor, body language, and speech patterns, become so profoundly embedded in the mindset of human beings that they frequently operate without the people themselves being  completely aware regarding them. All the various cultures include a slightly different mesh of meanings and patterns; attitudes towards different cultures, expectations for behavior, customs and habits in arts, clothing, foods, and religions, social roles, systems of government and trade, ways of earning a living, and values and beliefs regarding each of these activities (Chan, et.al, 2012). What is perceived as acceptable human behavior is different in different religions and in different periods of time. All the cultural and social groups have typically accepted varieties of behavior for their members, with possibly some particular standards for subgroups, like children and adults, males and females, athletes and artists. Atypical behaviors might be considered either simply distasteful or amusing, or punishably illegal. A behavior considered as normal in one culture might be considered as deplorable in some other religion. For instance, assertively competitive behavior is perceived as arrogant in exceedingly coope rative cultures. On the other hand, a lack of interest in competition might be considered as being out of step in many subcultures of an exceedingly competitive society, for instance, the US. It is widely accepted that the expectations, understandings, customs, rules, roles, and norms of interactions in interpersonal relationships are mainly marked out and transmitted by culture and cultural factors. However, it has been found that the cultural influences greatly extend from the expression and interpretation of interpersonal relationships. It has further been found that culture not only influences the internal but external aspects of interpersonal relationships as well. For instance, there is significant evidence which indicates cultural variations in the demonstrations of emotions and feelings underlying interpersonal relationships (Crisp & Turner, 2011). Discriminatory factors that promote societal, political, socioeconomic, and spiritual domination of culturally diverse populations Race Racism may be defined as the unconscious or the conscious belief in the dominance of one race over some other race. This definition presumes the existence of various biological races, specifically the human genome project. Nevertheless, despite that race is evidently a social construct; racism is still widespread all across the globe. In spite of the fact that a  very small number of people now remain to believe in a superior race having an innate right to practice power over the ones that are considered as inferior; there are a lot of people who still exercise ethnocentrism or racism. They believe that some of their known cultures have some sort of superiority over some others and also that some customs, traditions, cultures, and histories are not appropriately compatible with theirs. Any sort of racism is related to power and the powerful people usually determine what is superior and discriminate against people who have less power. For this reason, racism may be considered as the practical translation of discrimination into action (Chan, et.al, 2012). Ethnicity Discrimination, as with cultural racism, on the basis of culture and ethnicity considers some minorities and cultures as intrinsically undesirable or inferior. Hostility or Anti-Semitism toward Jews as an ethnic or religious minority persists from the medieval times when the Jews were generally the only non-Christian minority that existed in Europe. Jews, expelled from their nations or murdered, stripped of property, penalized with high taxes, compelled for living in ghettos secluded from the Christians, and generally forbidden from practising majority of the professions and trades, strived for hundreds of years against prejudice and injustice of the Christian societies. Xenophobia As a response to the increasing diversity and globalization in the society, many individuals respond with xenophobia that refers to the aversion or fear to foreign countries or foreigners. The concept of foreign in majority of the cases depends on the ideas and images constructed socially, which reduces the globe to â€Å"us†, â€Å"them†, â€Å"good ones like me†, and â€Å"the normal†, the others who are distinctive: a disruption, a threat demonstrating a degradation of appropriate behavior and values. Despite that majority of the individuals consider xenophobia as generally acceptable and in contradiction with the human rights culture; it is not atypical. Discriminations on the basis of xenophobia, for instance acts of violence and verbal abuse, are evidently the violations of human rights (Correa, 2000). Gender Gender discrimination is quite pervasive in our society. Schools, childcare institutions, family, media, and other societal institutions transmit and preserve stereotypes regarding women and men. In the Western societies, conventional gender traits are frequently related to power – men and their specific activities are classified as influential, public oriented, important, brave, productive, strong, outgoing, and having increased value, social recognition, and monetary rewards. On the other hand, it is widely believed that the main traits of women include; family-oriented, caring, dependent, and passive. Religion The boom of Islamophobia is of specific concern these days and since ever, which refers to the discrimination, hatred and fear of Islam, and that is the most common religion in Western countries after Christianity. The antagonism toward Islam following the terrorist attacks on targets in England, Spain, and the US during the past years has unveiled deep rooted discriminations in majority of the Western countries. Amongst the most widespread public expressions of the discrimination is the rejection of being authorized to construct mosques, a scarcity of official recognition of Islam as a religion, restraints on girls and women on wearing the headscarf, and failure in supporting facilities for the religious communities or groups of Muslims (Crisp & Turner, 2011). Sexual orientation Homophobia refers to hatred for or aversion to homosexual people, lesbians or gays, or their cultural backgrounds, or typically to individuals having a different sexual orientation, counting in the transgendered and bisexual individuals. Despite that the legal reforms in a number of Western nations have greatly reinforced the human rights of lesbians and gays; there is a great variation in conditions. This ranges from the urban regions wherein homosexual individuals work and live openly, and also from the civil unions having rather less difficulty, to the rural regions and areas of Central and Eastern Europe wherein gays might follow harassment, discriminatory laws, and even aggression as a psychological disorder, a disease, or even an  ethical offense. The heterosexual norms are unconsciously or consciously applied by several others to lesbians and gays, faulting them for being unsuccessful in conforming to the types of behavior expected of normal individuals. Disability It is misconceived by a number of individuals that individuals having disabilities may not be productive members of the society. The major negative attitudes either include that the individuals having disabilities are sick or broken and need healing or fixing, or even that are good for nothing and require being cared of (Correa, 2000). Racial and cultural diversity within non-native English-speaking communities People belonging to different linguistic backgrounds face a number of issues in their daily lives. For the fact that culture and language are entwined, language minority individuals are anticipated to use and learn the novel cultural dispositions and the novel language in an effective and efficient manner. This novel culture and language is diverse from what they have learned at home. Despite that the United States is amongst the most diversified nations of the world, there are some languages which are widely employed like Spanish and English. English is the global language which a good majority if individuals employ for communicating in the United States and specifically for global interrelationships. Despite that a number of non native English speakers seek for English language classes in their nations and communities prior to migrating to any Anglophone nation for the purpose of making it convenient for them to intermingle and interact with others, there are many amongst them who yet strive when they face up the reality of interacting with an actual Anglophone. Such people are then discriminated and criticized in various walks of their life. For this reason, the society compels them for improving their communication skills to their earliest (Correa, 2000). Positive impact of current research on the delivery of public safety and evaluation of information and resources The current research contributes to the delivery of public health by enhancing the knowledge base regarding the  factors promoting cultural discrimination in our society. Previous studies related to similar constructs have been explored and analyzed in depth which helped in analyzing the impact of cultural diversity and discrimination on various groups and communities existing in the society. Furthermore, the study contributes towards increasing awareness amongst diversified cultural groups and minorities regarding the influence of culture on attitudes, values, perception, human behavior, and interpersonal relations. In addition, this research paved the way for cultural harmony in societies that are exceedingly culturally diverse. This research give power to the communities and individuals to meet the challenges allied to the economic, cultural, and social inequality and discrimination in the society. Reliability and credibility of the chosen research articles The reliability and validity of the study are highly important for increasing the credibility and accuracy of the data collected by the researcher. Reliability is referred to the consistency of the data which is achieved when the research instrument gives same results when used again. Moreover, validity is the credibility of the research instrument which checks if it measures what it is supposed to measure. In this study, the reliability of the research method was achieved through matching it with the aims of the study. The sources of data were disclosed in order to have reliable research findings. The validity of the research instrument was ensured by comparing previous researches which have used the same method. Attempt was made by the research to ascertain that the reliability errors are cut down so that in case disparities are noted in the data, they may be attributed to the intervention rather than sloppy inferences. Furthermore, this research meets the criteria of generalizability or the external validity of the research, which entails if the conclusions derived from the research may be transferred to different groups. Conclusion This paper analyzed and explored previous researches related to the topic of this research, that is: cultural diversity. The paper started with the demonstration of the way culture influences on attitudes, values, perception, human behavior, and interpersonal relations. This was followed  by the illustrations of the discriminatory factors that promote societal, political, socioeconomic, and spiritual domination of culturally diverse populations. The factors presented in the paper include; race, ethnicity, xenophobia, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and disability. The last topic of the research content was the racial and cultural diversity existing within non-native English-speaking communities. In the concluding part of the paper, positive impact of current research has also been presented on the delivery of public safety and evaluation of information and resources. Lastly, reliability and credibility of the chosen research articles was presented. References Chan, K., Satterfield, T., & Goldstein, J. (2012). â€Å"Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values†. Ecological Economics, Vol. 74, pp. 8-18. Correa, C. (2000), Beyond TRIPs, in D.A. Posey (ed.), â€Å"Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity†, London: Intermediate Technology Publications, pp. 533-534 Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). â€Å"Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity†. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 137(2), pp. 242.

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Freedom of Speech Essay Hindi is the most commonly spoken language in India. It is the fifth most spoken language in the world with about 182 million native speakers in 1998. The script used in writing Hindi is DevanÄ garÄ «. More than 180 million people in India regard Hindi as their mother tongue. Another 300 million use it as second language. Outside of India, Hindi speakers are 100,000 in USA; 685,170 in Mauritius; 890,292 in South Africa; 232,760 in Yemen; 147,000 in Uganda; 5,000 in Singapore; 8 million in Nepal; 20,000 in New Zealand; 30,000 in Germany. Urdu, the official language of Pakistan, spoken by about 41 million in Pakistan and other countries, is essentially the same language Literature in Hindi languages (Hindi: à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â‚¬ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯) includes literature in the various Central Zone Indo-Aryan languages which have writing systems. It is broadly classified into four prominent forms (styles) based on the date of production. They are; * Vir-Gathas (poems extolling brave warriors) – 11th–14th century * Bhakti era poems (devotional poems) – 14th–18th century * Riti or Srngar poems (poems of romance) – 18th–20th century * Adhunik literature (modern literature) – 20th century onwards The literature was produced in dialects such as Braj, Bundeli, Awadhi, Kannauji, Khariboli, Marwari, Angika, Vajjika, Maithili, Magahi and Bhojpuri.[1] From 20th century, works produced in Standard Hindi, a register of Hindustani, is sometimes regarded as the only basis of modern literature in Hindi.[2] Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi, is a standardised and sanskritised register of the Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) that is associated with the Hindu religion. Hindustani is the native language of people living in Delhi, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northeastern Madhya Pradesh, and parts of eastern Rajasthan,[4] and Hindi is one of the official languages of India Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being Bhakti (devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); Shringar (beauty – Keshav, Bihari); Veer-Gatha (extolling brave warriors); and Adhunik (modern). Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was not written in the current dialect but in other Hindi languages, particularly in Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but later also in Khariboli. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect. Hindustani with heavily Sanskritized vocabulary or Sahityik Hindi (Literary Hindi) was popularized by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bhartendu Harishchandra and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular among the educated people. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi. The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. The Dwivedi Yug (Age of Dwivedi) in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love. In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as Chhayavaad (shadowism) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavaadi. Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant, are the four major Chhayavaadi poets. Uttar Adhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.

Study On The Oriental School Of Economic Thought History Essay

Study On The Oriental School Of Economic Thought History Essay The oriental school of economic thought basically deals with the study of the origin of economic thought from various ancient societies including the Hindu, Hebrew, Indian, Roman, Greek, and Islamic societies. It has been observed that the main area looked into by the Hebrews and Hindus was based on agricultural economics and all this information was drawn from the writing of the pious law givers who were present at the time. These ancient writings consisted of ideas on various economic aspects such as: division of labour, cottage industries, forest and mines, trade and trading practices, concept of wealth, transport, banking and loans, etc. Some of the writers who also played a role in the development of this economic thought include Roman writers such as Cicero, Pliny Gato, Varro and Columella. During this period, and until the industrial revolution, economics was not a separate discipline but part of philosophy. Its evolution into a distinct discipline of study in the social sciences can be attributed greatly to these early writers. Roman law also developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. This large body of law was unified as the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 530s AD by Justinian, who was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. In Ancient India, Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce money to support this large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu also pioneered free trade during his reign. Many of the topics discussed during these ancient times are still prevalent in modern economics, including discussions on the management of a solid and efficient economy and the ethics of economics. These ancient thoughts als o focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ancient economic thought is very much wide and its study provides a broad basis for comparison of the ancient approach to economic issues as compared to issues arising in the modern world economies. The large number of ancient thinkers who contributed to this thought differed in beliefs and practices. Also, information on some of these ancient cultural-economic practices is very scanty and thus makes this enquiry into the oriental school of economic thought necessary so as to be able to get a better understanding of the underlying economic issues of both the past and present. JUSTIFICATION With the evolution of economics, many writers have come up with different theories about different areas in the subject. So as to be able to critically assess these different theories and understand the unity which connects us with the ancient times, knowledge on the origin of the early stages of economic thought is necessary for one to be able to take a well informed and unbiased stand on contentious economic issues arising today and hence the need for this study. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the principles and concepts of the oriental school of economic thought. To know the key contributors of ancient economic thought. To evaluate and criticize how the ancient societies carried out their economic activities. To find out the major contributions of the oriental school of thought to the body of knowledge that exists today. To get a clearer understanding of the position of economics as a distinct member of a group of social sciences. Ancient near East Economic organizations in the earliest civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were driven by the need to efficiently grow crops in the river basins. The Euphrates and Nile Valleys were homes to earliest examples of codified measurements written in base 60 and Egyptian fractions. Keepers of royal granaries and absentee Egyptian land owners reported in the Heganakht Papyri. Historians of this period note that the major tool of accounting for agrarian societies, the sales used to measure grain inventory, reflected dual religious and ethical symbolic meaning. The Erlenmeyer tablets give a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and shows an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency. Egyptians measured work output in man-days. The development of sophisticated economic administration continued in the Euphrates and Nile Valleys during the Babylonian Empi re and Egyptian Empires when trading units spread through the Near East within monetary systems. Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later. The city states of Sumer developed a trade market economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and their city state neighbours later developed the earliest system of economics using a metric of various commodities, which was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Ancient Greco-Roman world Some prominent classical scholars assert that relevant economic thought was based on metaphysical principles which are incommensurate with contemporary dominant economic theories such as neo-classical economics. However, several ancient Greek and Roman thinkers made various economic observations especially Aristotle and Xenophon. Many other Greek writings show understanding of sophisticated economic concepts. For instance, a form of Greshams law is presented in Aristophanes Frogs, and beyond Platos application of sophisticated mathematical advances influenced by the Pythagoreans in his appreciation of flat money in his Laws: (742 a-b) and in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue, Eryxlas. Bryson of Heraclea was a neo-platonic who is cited as having heavily influenced early Muslim economic scholarship. The influence of Babylonian and Persian thought on Greek administrative economics is present in the work of Greek historian Xenophon. Discussions of economic principles are especially present in his Oeconomicus, his biography of Cyrus the Great, Cyropaedia, Hiero and Ways and Means. Hiero is a minor work which includes discussion of leaders stimulating private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes. Ways and Means is a short treatise on economic development, and showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale and advocated laws promoting foreign merchants. The Oeconomicus disc uses the administration of agricultural land. In the work, subjective personal value of goods is analyzed and compared with exchange value; Xenophon gives an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. In Cyropaedia, Xenophon presents what in hindsight can be seen as the foundation for a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Xenophon discusses the concept of division of labour, referencing specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop. Marx attributes to Cyropaedia the idea that the division of labour correlates to the size of a market. Roman law developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. Ancient India Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu I of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce monies to support his large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu I also pioneered free trade during his reign, a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade. Chanakya (c. 350 BC 275 BC) considered economic issues. He was a professor of Political Science at the Takshashila University of Ancient India, and later the Prime Minister of the Mauryan Emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote the Arthashastra (science of material gain). Many of the topics discussed in the Arthashastra are still prevalent in modern economics, including its discussions in the management of an efficient and solid economy. Chanakya also focuses on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that hold a society together. The Arthashastra argues for an autocracy managing an efficient or solid economy. The qualities described are in effect that of a command economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. Chanakya writes on the economic duties of a king: The king shall be ever active in the management of the economy. The root of wealth is economic activity and lack of it brings material distress. In the absence of fruitful economic activity, both current prosperity and future growth will be destroyed. A king can achieve the desired objectives and abundance of riches by undertaking productive economic activity. Ancient China Ideal and effective economic policy was long sort for in ancient China, one of the greatest early reformers being the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (r. 221 BC 210 BC), who standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states once he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy (which the Zhou dynasty had always lacked). However, one of the greatest reformists in China lived during the medieval Song dynasty (960 1279 AD), that being Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021 1086 AD). Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers who he considered the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Replacing the corvee labour service with a tax instead, he enacted government monopolies on crucial industries producing tea, salt, and wine, introduction of local militia to ease the budget spending on the official standing army of one million troops and the establishment of a Finance Planning Commission staffed largely by political loyalists so that his reforms could pass quickly with less time for conservatives to oppose it in court. Medieval Islamic World To some degree, the early Muslims based their economic analyses on the Quran (such as the opposition of riba, interest) and from Sunnah, the sayings and doings of Muhammad. Early Muslim thinkers, Al-Ghazali (1058 1111 A.D.) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static. Persian philosopher Nasir al-Din-al-Tusi (1201 1274) presents an early definition of economics (what he calls Hekmat-e-madani, the science of city life) in discourse three of his ethics: the study of universal laws governing the public interest welfare: in so far as they are directed, through cooperation, toward the optimal (i.e. perfection). Many scholars trace the history of economic thought through the Muslim world, which was in a Golden Age from the 8th to 13th century and whose philosophy continued the work of the Greek Hellenistic thinkers and came to influence Aquinas when Europe rediscovered Greek philosophy through Arabic translation. A common theme among these scholars was the praise of economic activity and even self-interested accumulation of wealth. The influence of earlier Greek and Hellenistic thought on the Muslim world began largely when Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who sponsored the translation of Greek texts into Arabic in the 9th century by Syrian Christians in Baghdad. But already by that time numerous Muslim scholars had written on economic issues, and early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts to enforce fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production, use of credit instruments for banking, including rudimentary savings and checking of accounts, a nd contract law. The origins of capitalism and free markets can be traced back to Caliphate where the first market economy and earliest form of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as Islamic capitalism. A vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent. Innovative new business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by economists, merchants and traders during this time. Such innovations included the earliest trading companies, credit cards, big businesses, contracts, bills of exchange, long distance, international trade, the first forms of partnerships and the earliest forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama-al-mal), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts, startup companies, savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assignments, the double entry bookkeeping system, and lawsuits. MAIN FINDINGS After going through the history of the oriental school of thought in the previous section, the following economic aspects come out clearly as having been discovered and practiced by these early thinkers: The Concept of Production and Technology Ancient leaders stimulated private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes to successful inventors and producers. Economies of Scale Ways and Means was a short treatise on economic development written by Xenophon, which showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale in production activity and advocated for laws promoting foreign merchants. Administration of Agricultural Land Agriculture was considered the most dignified occupation. In ancient India, the state took a leading part in developing agriculture and also demanded a fixed share of the gross produce. Price system The early law codes from Sumer were the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Grain and Labour Inputs Relationship The Erlenmeyer tablets gave a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and showed an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency in production. Output of Work The Egyptians measured work output in man-days. Monetary Units The Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later and hence the development of monetary units. Value Subjective personal value of goods was analyzed and compared with exchange value. Xenophon gave an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. Theory of Fair Exchange Xenophon presented what in hindsight could be seen as the foundation of a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Division of Labour Xenophon discussed the concept of division of labour, with reference to specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop who specialised in different tasks. Free Trade Parakramabahu I pioneered free trade during his reign, this is evident because a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade in ancient India. Welfare In India the leaders insisted on ensuring that the population as a whole has to be well looked after. For example, Chanakya focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that held a society together. Standardized Coin Currency Emperor Qin Shi Huang of Ancient China, standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states after he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy. Low Cost Loans For Farmers In Ancient China Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers whom he considered to be the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Land Tax This was a source of revenue for the Ancient Chinese government from farmers, because during that period agriculture was the main driver of the economy. Fiscal and Monetary Financing The Muslim leaders enforced various policy measures including fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production and use of credit instruments for banking. Banking The early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts indlucing rudimentary savings and checking accounts, and contract law. Monetary Economy Between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as the period of Islamic capitalism, a vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent of each other. SUGGESTIONS The social organization manifested by the ancient civilizations should be critically looked at and applied to solve some socioeconomic problems still present today, especially in the developing nations. The organization of government and formulation of policies during the ancient times leaves a lot to be admired. Governments of the modern economies should pick some of these values. The concept of politics being looked at separately from economics and policy formulation should be followed in todays modern economies for faster development and equality in the distribution of wealth. Welfare economics should be taken as seriously as it was taken in ancient times. For example, during periods of drought or famine, governments should not let particular groups of people suffer and instead they should distribute the available resources to the entire population. CONCLUSION Theres no question or doubt as to whether ancient economic philosophies are still in extensive use today. The modern economy has evolved over centuries to become what it is today. The study of the history of economic thought enables the student to appreciate the contributions various writers have made to development of economics as a discipline. Although ancient economic theories were sometimes unclear, contradictory, or presented in a rudimentary manner, they form the basis of economic analysis today. These theories are still being used today by the worlds largest and most complicated and sophisticated economies. BIBLIPGRAPHY Falgas, Matthew E.; Zarkadoulia, A. Effie, (2006). Arab Science in the Golden Age (750-1258) and Today. The FASEB Journal 20(10): 1581-1586. Hosseini, S. Hamid (2003). Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economic Thought and their Impact: A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap. S. Lowry (2003). Ancient Medieval Economics. In Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J.A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell pp. 11-27. Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press.