Friday, January 31, 2020
Can Social Bonding Theory Explain Why The US Has Higher Crime Rates Essay
Can Social Bonding Theory Explain Why The US Has Higher Crime Rates Than Other Nations - Essay Example In the said research, the author studied 200 employees to determine how the elements of the social bonding theory can be used to determine the likelihood of the employees committing ethical misconduct. The results from the study conducted indicated that two of the four elements, namely attachment and involvement, may be utilized to provide a better understanding of how likely it is for employees to commit ethical rule breaking. (Sims, 2002) The results obtained from the study merely highlight the importance of the elements of the social bonding theory in explaining deviant behavior and in this case, ethical misconduct of employees. Another study conducted focused on the effect of one's religiosity on his likelihood to be lead to delinquency. As earlier mentioned, belief is one of the four elements of Hirschi's social bonding theory. Subsequently, a central element in an individual's belief system is his religious affinity or belief. In a study conducted by Baier and Wright (2001), the ability of religious beliefs and behaviors to deter criminal behavior was analyzed. The authors of the said study conducted a meta-analysis of 60 previously conducted studies basing primarily on the following questions: (I) What is the direction and magnitude of the effect of religion on crime (II) Why have previous studies varied in their estimation of this effect The rationale behind the research was since previous studies provided inconclusive evidence regarding the relationship of crime and religious belief, it was highly significant to determine why such discrepancy exists and if indeed such a relationship between the two el ements does exist. The results of the study indicated that religious beliefs and behaviors exert a moderate deterrent effect on individuals' criminal behavior. This means that even in the littlest of ways, an individual's religiosity helps in preventing him from committing criminal acts. Likewise, the study found that previous studies have systematically varied in their estimation of the religion- on-crime effect due to differences in both their conceptual and methodological approaches. The results of the study merely indicate that belief, as one of the elements of social control, indeed helps in preventing deviant behavior. Although religious beliefs may not be a strong deterrent as other elements, the results of the study only help explain how the elements of social bonding materialize. Teenage Pregnancy Although not considered as a criminal act, teenage pregnancy may be seen as a deviant behavior in that it does not conform to the norms of society. In a study conducted by Sandra Hofferth (1987), the various factors that influence sexual behavior among adolescents was analyzed. Both biological and psychosocial factors were studied to determine which factors helped contribute to sexual activity among adolescents. Basically, the researcher found that among the social factors that influenced such behavior were cultural and subcultural differences. For instance, the author indicated that black females from the ages of 15 to 19 living in a poverty area of Chicago has a significantly higher rate of initial sexual intercourse than their peers
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Change Essay -- essays research papers
Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re... Change Essay -- essays research papers Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re... Change Essay -- essays research papers Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re...
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Origins of the Modern world
Robert B. Marks', The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative is a useful tool for exploring the new concepts in the History of the World and make the scholars visualize the global world from the new perspective. Mark gives an amiable account of the Industrial revolution and its direct effects on the trade networks and International trade between 1400 to 1850, along with that he connects each element between nations involved in world trade. Marks end his history book with the events of 2001.From the beginning only Marks makes the readers understand the elements of a non-Eurocentric study and â€Å"polycentric†world –view on the major trends in the world trade. Robert B. Marks who was popular as an environmental historian of China, enlightens the historians and students of history on the development that took place between 1400 and 1900 in the modern world's and about the important traits. In 1400, the world especially the most advanced so cieties across the Eurasian continent was predominated by two basic economic structures: the one is the â€Å"biological old regime,†i.e. the agriculture was dependent on the organic sources of energy with the sun's yearly supply, and other are the trading networks.The most advanced societies of the Eurasian continent including China and England were running their economy on the similar ecological constraints of the biological old regime.  He said that, â€Å"During those 1100 years [650 – 1750], the Indian Ocean was arguably the single most important crossroads of trade and generator of merchant wealth in the world†. 1  In the period of just 200 years where on one hand Asians dominate the trade regime, and now these are the Western countries and Japan who are leaders in the game of economics.FOOTNOTES1.  Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,  pp. 49  When The Europe introduced t he Armed Trade, it had incredible impact on the Asian traders also  who endeavored to purchase their own cannons and guns. In fact Acheh built his own navy to block the Portuguese trade and capture their ships and arms. In 1500, Acheh imported several large and well-made guns from Ottomon Empire, not only to defend themselves from the Portuguese but also to post threaten Malacca. â€Å" Portuguese armed trading may have altered much in the Indian Ocean, but dar-al-Islam continued to limit what Europeans could and could not do in the world.†It was in 1500 that the first time concept of Globalization became materialized when, â€Å"Two new links drew the entire globe into a single world for the first time.†Then by 1700, England had a government that, in the words of one British historian, ‘was prepared to subordinate all foreign policy to economic ends.†3.In the year 1775, Asia was the maximum producer of goods in the world, â€Å"Asia produced about 80% of everything in the world, probably an increase from 1500. In other words, though Asians constituted two-thirds of the world’s population yet they produced four-fifths of the world’s goods and Europeans, constituted one-fifth of the world’s population, produced one-fifth of the world’s goods and too share with Africans and Americans. Asia thus had the most productive economies, which lasted three centuries after 1500.China, India, and other eastern areas had developed large empires at the center of the world, and along with the new economic system, competition and constant warfare had led to the establishment of several small European nation-states.FOOT NOTES1 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,  PP. 632. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, pp. 67.3. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological N arrative,  pp. 88.4. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,  pp. 81The discovery of Silver helped Hapsburg to consolidate their empire in 1500 and to initiate the trade of the Europe with China. Between the years 1500 to 1800, around three-quarters of the silver from the New World wound up in China, which was known as â€Å"the  engine of the world's economy†.Industrial development because of the conjunction of European nations with development, mercantilist policies, and coal were responsible for the building of empires around 1800. India around 1700 boasted of being the largest exporter of cotton textiles in the world. It supplied textiles not only to England but also all over the world. Moreover the Southeast Asia, East and West Africa, the Middle East, and Europe too were the major export markets. â€Å"No wonder that the demand for Indian cotton in the eighteenth century was ‘greater than all the weavers in the country can manufacture’ and that India accounted for fully one quarter of the world manufacturing output in 1750,†1 but the steam powered gun boats, guns and other weapons and production of cotton with the machines overpowered the economy of India and China and turned India into an importer of cotton goods. â€Å"By 1900, India accounts for barely 2% of world manufacturing output, China about 7%, while Europe alone claims 60% and the United States 20%.†2 and â€Å"It was as if the British had subjugated the Indian peninsula simply in order to use its resources against China.†3  .The rapid Industrialization saw the diminishing use of the renewable (solar) sources of energy towards the mass reproduction of raw materials, which were solely dependent on the non- renewable sources of energy. The prior role that the economies played in the trades also radically lead to destruction and change in the environments. Robert B. Marks describes the world as the Industrially developed, FOOTNOTES1 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,  pp. 96-972 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,  pp. 1233 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,  pp. 117the nation states, characterized by interstate warfare, regional disparities relating to their economic position and the world which has escaped from the biological old regime.†He explained these changes taking into consideration the discovery of the New World and the comparability of the most advanced regions of China, India, and Europe. He also explained the reasons behind England’s success in able to escape from common ecological constraints facing these regions in century; and he cited the main reason behind the change in the today’s world due to the conjuncture of human and natural force s which became a most contributing factor in filling the gap between the industrialized and non-industrialized parts of the world.Though the book has established link between ancient world and us fruitfully but book did not focus on the roles played by African and American peoples in creating the modern world. It also did not present any information about the changes of intercontinental and international trade among African nations during this entire period. It is also not appropriately true that the people of the Americas before the Columbia engaged in very little manufacturing or international trade. Marks emphasized that the Americas after European conquest were the important raw material suppliers to the Asian and European manufacturing growth nations while engaging the biological ancient regime, but they lacked much evidential proof. According to Mark this modern world emerges from the tension that was created between two forces, which came into being after 1400. These two f orces were the nation states and global capitalism.Marks also depend on three concepts to present history. First is contingency, shaped by contingent factors like discovery of America by Columbus's, which lead to the large quantity of silver available to Europe. Secondly, his dynamic narrative like the examples of climate and the location of certain grades of coal and thirdly is the conjuncture and with the continuous flow of historical process, creating situations that favor one outcome over another, he makes his position persuasive.WORKS CITED1.               Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and          Ecological Narrative Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.2.               Ringrose David (December 2004) Book Review Journal of World History Vol. 15          No. 4 Retrieved May 18, 2007 from W.W.W:          http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/15.4/br_1.html3.               Schleisgner-Watrous Mary (2004) Book Review: The Origins of the Modern          World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, World History Connected Retrieved          May 18, 2007 from W.W.W:          http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu/2.1/br_schlesinger.html4.               Todd N. Edmund (2004) Book Review: The Origins of the Modern World: A          Global and Ecological Narrative, History Cooperative Vol. 9 No. 3 Retrieved May          18, 2007 from W.W.W: http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.3/br_1.html
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Biography of Norma McCorvey, Roe in Roe v. Wade
Norma McCorvey (September 22, 1947–February 18, 2017) was a young pregnant woman in Texas in 1970 without the means or funds to have an abortion. She became the plaintiff known as Jane Roe in Roe v. Wade, which was decided in 1973 and became one of the most famous Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century. McCorveys identity was hidden for another decade but, during the 1980s, the public learned about the plaintiff whose lawsuit struck down most abortion laws in the United States. In 1995, McCorvey made news again when she declared she had changed to a pro-life stance, with newfound Christian beliefs. Fast Facts: Norma McCorvey Known For: She was Roe in the famous Supreme Court abortion case Roe. v. Wade.Also Known As: Norma Leah Nelson, Jane RoeBorn: Sept. 22, 1947 in Simmesport, LouisianaParents: Mary and Olin NelsonDied: Feb. 18, 2017 in Katy, TexasPublished Works: I Am Roe (1994), Won by Love (1997)Spouse: Elwood McCorvey (m. 1963–1965)Children: Melissa (Nothing is publicly known of the two children McCorvey gave up for adoption.)Notable Quote: â€Å"I wasn’t the wrong person to become Jane Roe. I wasn’t the right person to become Jane Roe. I was just the person who became Jane Roe, of Roe v. Wade. And my life story, warts and all, was a little piece of history.†Early Years McCorvey was born on Sept. 22, 1947, as Norma Nelson to Mary and Olin Nelson. McCorvey ran away from home at one point and, after returning, was sent to reform school. After the family moved to Houston, her parents divorced when she was 13. McCorvey suffered abuse, met and married Elwood McCorvey at age 16, and left Texas for California. When she returned, pregnant and frightened, her mother took her baby to raise. McCorveys second child was raised by the father of the baby with no contact from her. McCorvey initially said that her third pregnancy, the one in question at the time of Roe v. Wade, was the result of rape, but years later she said she had invented the rape story in an attempt to make a stronger case for an abortion. The rape story was of little consequence to her lawyers because they wanted to establish a right to abortion for all women, not just those who had been raped. Roe v. Wade Roe v. Wade was filed in Texas in March 1970 on behalf of the named plaintiff and all women similarly situated, typical wording for a class-action lawsuit. Jane Roe was the lead plaintiff of the class. Because of the time it took for the case to make its way through the courts, the decision did not come in time for McCorvey to have an abortion. She gave birth to her child, whom she put up for adoption. Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee were the Roe v. Wade plaintiffs lawyers. They were looking for a woman who wanted an abortion but did not have the means to obtain one. An adoption attorney introduced the lawyers to McCorvey. They needed a plaintiff who would remain pregnant without traveling to another state or country where abortion was legal because they feared that if their plaintiff obtained an abortion outside of Texas, her case could be rendered moot and dropped. At various times, McCorvey has clarified that she did not consider herself an unwilling participant in the Roe v. Wade lawsuit. However, she felt that feminist activists treated her with disdain because she was a poor, blue-collar, drug-abusing woman instead of a polished, educated feminist. Activist Work After McCorvey revealed that she was Jane Roe, she encountered harassment and violence. People in Texas yelled at her in grocery stores and shot at her house. She aligned herself with the pro-choice movement, even speaking at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., She worked at several clinics where abortions were provided. In 1994, she wrote a book, with a ghostwriter, called I am Roe: My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice. The Conversion In 1995, McCorvey was working at a clinic in Dallas when Operation Rescue moved in next door. She allegedly struck up a friendship over cigarettes with Operation Rescue preacher Philip Flip Benham. McCorvey said that Benham talked to her regularly and was kind to her. She became friends with him, attended church, and was baptized. She surprised the world by appearing on national television to say that she now believed abortion was wrong. McCorvey had been in a lesbian relationship for years, but she eventually denounced lesbianism as well after her conversion to Christianity. Within a few years of her first book, McCorvey wrote a second book, Won by Love: Norma McCorvey, Jane Roe of Roe v. Wade, Speaks Out for the Unborn as She Shares Her New Conviction for Life. Later Years and Death In her later years, McCorvey was nearly homeless, relying on â€Å"free room and board from strangers, says Joshua Prager, who wrote an extensive story about her published in Vanity Fair in February 2013. McCorvey eventually ended up in an assisted-living facility in Katy, Texas, where she died of heart failure on Feb. 17, 2017, at age 69, according to Prager, who was working on a book about her at the time of her death. Legacy Since the Roe v. Wade ruling, about 50 million legal abortions have been performed in the United States, although later court decisions and new state and federal laws have imposed restrictions, and abortions have declined with the wide use of contraceptives, according to McCorveys obituary published in The New York Times. Many of those who oppose abortions have called the Roe v. Wade lawyers immoral, saying that they took advantage of McCorvey. In fact, if she had not been Roe, someone else would likely have been the plaintiff. Feminists across the nation were working for abortion rights at the time. Perhaps something McCorvey herself said in a 1989 New York Times article best sums up her legacy: More and more, Im the issue. I dont know if I should be the issue. Abortion is the issue. I never even had an abortion. Sources Hersher, Rebecca. â€Å"Norma McCorvey Of Roe v. Wade Embodied The Complexity Of American Abortion Debate.† NPR, 18 Feb. 2017.Langer, Emily. â€Å"Norma McCorvey, Jane Roe of Roe v. Wade Decision Legalizing Abortion Nationwide, Dies at 69.† The Washington Post, 18 Feb. 2017.McFadden, Robert. â€Å"Norma McCorvey, Roe in Roe v. Wade, Is Dead at 69.† The New York Times, 18 Feb. 2017Prager, Joshua. â€Å"Tracing the Life of Norma McCorvey, ‘Jane Roe’ of Roe v. Wade, and Why Shed Favor an Abortion Ban.† The Hive, Vanity Fair, 30 Jan. 2015.
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